Differentiation should also be made between Space_c .. in a closed universe and Space_o .. in an open universe.

I would confine intelligence to a closed-universe system for the purpose of discussion and state the following:

This mathematical concept is theoretically and potentially testable. The rate of expansion of the universe would need to be known. Is it expanding constantly at the speed of light? Is it slowing down due to gravity in anticipation of an eventual cyclical contraction phase? Is it expanding at a continuously faster exponential rate with the peripheral galaxies exceeding the speed of light, or is it expanding at some other yet-to-be-determined rate? Many, including myself, would like to believe that it is slowing down and will someday undergo a contraction phase as part of a continuous waveform pattern. The Integrated Theory of Intelligence does not require any specific model of expansion, only that the volume of space is increasing in some fashion at this time.

Since the manifestation of intelligence, as we experience reality, requires a close interrelationship and interdependence with matter-energy, one might speculate that only space which contains matter is relevant to the evolution of intelligence. The space within our observable universe contains galaxies of matter which are moving away from each other. They appear to be receding in such a fashion that as they double their distance relative to each other, they are traveling at twice the speed.²⁶... The galaxies that are farther away from us are traveling faster than those which are closer.

If one constructs a graph illustrating this phenomenon by comparing the velocity of galaxy recession relative to the distances that separate them, the resulting line is a linear function. At double their distance from each other they are moving at twice the speed.

This assumes that all galaxies are traveling at essentially the same velocity at which they were initially set in motion, or perhaps are undergoing a uniform gradual slowing or acceleration.

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